{"id":5160,"date":"2025-10-15T16:04:25","date_gmt":"2025-10-15T14:04:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=5160"},"modified":"2025-12-17T15:01:32","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T14:01:32","slug":"surface-roughness","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/surface-roughness\/","title":{"rendered":"Surface Roughness: Modern Measurement Techniques and Applications"},"content":{"rendered":"    <section id=\"blog-post-block_96265325da35427855e12755d5b8397d\" class=\"ArticleMultiCon  blog-post\"\r\n             data-uniqid=\"69e34b8b0de0a\">\r\n        <div class=\"container unrules\">\r\n            <div class=\"page-breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 17\" fill=\"none\">\r\n  <path d=\"M6.01325 2.39336L2.41992 5.19336C1.81992 5.66003 1.33325 6.65336 1.33325 7.40669V12.3467C1.33325 13.8934 2.59325 15.16 4.13992 15.16H11.8599C13.4066 15.16 14.6666 13.8934 14.6666 12.3534V7.50003C14.6666 6.69336 14.1266 5.66003 13.4666 5.20003L9.34659 2.31336C8.41325 1.66003 6.91325 1.69336 6.01325 2.39336Z\" stroke=\"#3F4A50\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n  <path d=\"M8 12.4933V10.4933\" stroke=\"#3F4A50\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"container\">\r\n            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHero\">\r\n                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroTop\">\r\n                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-15T16:04:25+02:00\">\r\n                        15\/10\/2025                    <\/time>\r\n                    <span class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroTopCat\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <h1 class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroTitle\">Surface Roughness: Modern Measurement Techniques and Applications<\/h1>\r\n                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPerson\">\r\n                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPersonImg\">\r\n                                                                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPersonData\">\r\n                        <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPersonDataTitle\">\r\n                                                    <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPersonDataText\">\r\n                            \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                    <figure class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroImage\">\r\n                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-768x325.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Application example smartWLI GBScanner\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-768x325.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-1024x434.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-1536x651.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-2048x868.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                    <\/figure>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConWrap\">\r\n                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContent\">\r\n                                        <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bad\" data-type=\"navi\">\r\n\r\n                                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenu\"><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bb2\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <ul>\n<li data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"472\">Surface roughness describes fine irregularities on technical surfaces.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"472\">Standardized parameters such as Ra and Rz allow for objective evaluation.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"472\">Optical measurement techniques provide the highest precision and speed.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"472\">Modern systems like smartWLI are suitable for use in both production and laboratory settings.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"472\">Surface roughness affects the functionality and service life of components.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"472\">Digital solutions and AI optimize process monitoring and data evaluation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"474\" data-end=\"782\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Surface roughness forms a central basis for assessing technical surfaces. In industry, specific requirements exist for the condition of workpieces to ensure functionality, longevity, and assembly capability. Accurate measurement of surface structures is a key pillar of quality assurance across many sectors.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bb5\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>What is meant by surface roughness?<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"281\">Surface roughness refers to the fine irregularities of a surface that arise during the manufacturing process. It is caused by tool marks, material properties, and processing methods. Unlike waviness or form deviations, surface roughness describes the microstructure of a surface.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"283\" data-end=\"550\">The degree of roughness is directly related to the manufacturing method used, such as turning, milling, or grinding. The resulting structures range from visible scratches to nanometer-scale elevations, significantly impacting the function and quality of components.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"552\" data-end=\"825\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li data-start=\"552\" data-end=\"645\">\n<p data-start=\"554\" data-end=\"645\">Surface roughness describes micro- and nanostructures created by manufacturing processes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"738\">\n<p data-start=\"648\" data-end=\"738\">Differences from waviness and form deviations lie in the scale of the surface structure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"825\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"741\" data-end=\"825\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Roughness has a major influence on the function and quality of technical components.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bb8\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Key Parameters and Standards for Characterizing Surface Texture<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"67\" data-end=\"381\">Standardized parameters are used to describe surface roughness. The most commonly used are Ra, Rz, Rmax, Rt, and Rq. Ra represents the arithmetic mean of the height deviations and is internationally recognized. Rz indicates the average height of the largest profile peaks and valleys within a measurement length.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"383\" data-end=\"761\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Rmax and Rt specify the maximum height differences of individual measurement areas, while Rq represents the root mean square (RMS) value. Relevant standards such as ISO 21920, ISO 4287, and ISO 25178 define the measurement and evaluation methods. In practice, typical Ra values for ground surfaces range between 0.1 and 2 \u00b5m, while polished surfaces can reach values below 5 nm.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bba\" data-type=\"quote\">\r\n\r\n                                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuote\">\r\n                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuoteText\">\r\n                                Note: Choosing the appropriate parameter and adhering to the standards ensures an objective and comparable assessment of surface roughness.                            <\/div>\r\n                                                                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"58\" height=\"48\" viewBox=\"0 0 58 48\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                            <path d=\"M12.9182 47.7384C8.96364 47.7384 5.8 46.2997 3.42727 43.4223C1.14242 40.4578 0 36.97 0 32.9591C0 29.6458 0.615151 26.5504 1.84545 23.673C3.07576 20.7956 4.61364 18.1798 6.45909 15.8256C8.39242 13.4714 10.4136 11.4223 12.5227 9.67847C14.7197 7.84741 16.7409 6.32153 18.5864 5.10082C20.4318 3.79292 21.9258 2.83379 23.0682 2.22343C24.2985 1.61308 24.8697 1.3079 24.7818 1.3079L27.8136 5.3624C27.0227 5.71117 25.9682 6.40872 24.65 7.45504C23.3318 8.41417 22.0136 9.59128 20.6955 10.9864C19.4652 12.3815 18.3667 13.9074 17.4 15.564C16.4333 17.1335 15.95 18.6594 15.95 20.1417C15.95 21.0136 16.4773 21.8856 17.5318 22.7575C18.5864 23.5422 19.7288 24.5014 20.9591 25.6349C22.1894 26.6812 23.3318 27.9891 24.3864 29.5586C25.4409 31.0409 25.9682 32.8719 25.9682 35.0518C25.9682 36.97 25.5727 38.7139 24.7818 40.2834C24.0788 41.8529 23.1121 43.2044 21.8818 44.3379C20.7394 45.3842 19.3773 46.2125 17.7955 46.8229C16.2136 47.4332 14.5879 47.7384 12.9182 47.7384ZM45.3455 48C43.3242 48 41.4788 47.564 39.8091 46.6921C38.1394 45.8202 36.6894 44.6431 35.4591 43.1608C34.2288 41.6785 33.2621 39.9782 32.5591 38.0599C31.9439 36.0545 31.6364 33.9183 31.6364 31.6512C31.6364 27.1172 32.603 22.9319 34.5364 19.0954C36.5576 15.1717 38.7545 11.8147 41.1273 9.02452C43.9394 5.71117 47.147 2.703 50.75 0L54.5727 3.53134C53.7818 4.0545 52.8152 4.88283 51.6727 6.01635C50.6182 7.14986 49.6076 8.50136 48.6409 10.0708C47.7621 11.5531 46.9712 13.1226 46.2682 14.7793C45.653 16.436 45.3455 18.049 45.3455 19.6185C45.3455 20.6649 46.0045 21.5368 47.3227 22.2343C48.6409 22.9319 50.0909 23.8038 51.6727 24.8501C53.2545 25.8965 54.7045 27.248 56.0227 28.9046C57.3409 30.4741 58 32.6975 58 35.5749C58 37.3188 57.6485 38.9319 56.9455 40.4142C56.2424 41.8965 55.2758 43.2044 54.0455 44.3379C52.903 45.4714 51.5409 46.3869 49.9591 47.0845C48.4651 47.6948 46.9273 48 45.3455 48Z\"\r\n                                  fill=\"#049BE5\"\/>\r\n                        <\/svg>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bbb\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Importance of Surface Roughness for Function and Quality<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"58\" data-end=\"333\">The degree of surface roughness directly affects friction, wear, and lubrication behavior. In the automotive industry, it controls the sealing of engine components and influences oil consumption. In mechanical engineering, it determines the lifespan of bearings and guides.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"335\" data-end=\"640\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">In medical technology, the microstructure plays a role in the integration of implants, while in electronics, even the smallest irregularities impact the contact quality of solder joints. For coatings as well as adhesive and sealing applications, roughness is a critical factor for adhesion and durability.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bbd\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Measurement Methods for Determining Surface Roughness<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"312\">Various methods are available for measuring surface roughness. Tactile systems use a fine diamond tip that scans the surface and records height profiles. This method delivers reproducible values but reaches its limits on very smooth or sensitive surfaces.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"314\" data-end=\"596\">Optical measurement methods offer significant advantages. Systems such as coherence scanning interferometry enable contactless, three-dimensional capture of even the finest structures. Compared to tactile methods, optical techniques achieve higher lateral and vertical resolution.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"598\" data-end=\"844\">They are faster, cover larger areas in less time, and provide reliable results even on steep flanks or transparent layers. Modern optical sensors are used both in the laboratory and inline in production, ensuring consistent quality at high speed.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"846\" data-end=\"896\"><strong data-start=\"846\" data-end=\"896\">Key advantages of optical measurement methods:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"1145\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"953\">\n<p data-start=\"900\" data-end=\"953\">Enable contactless, three-dimensional measurements.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"954\" data-end=\"1033\">\n<p data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1033\">Provide higher lateral and vertical resolution compared to tactile methods.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1034\" data-end=\"1087\">\n<p data-start=\"1036\" data-end=\"1087\">Faster data acquisition and larger area coverage.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1088\" data-end=\"1145\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"1090\" data-end=\"1145\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Suitable for sensitive, steep, or transparent surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bbf\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Modern Solutions from GBS Metrology for Roughness Measurement<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"63\" data-end=\"381\">The sensors and measurement systems from GBS metrology are based on coherence scanning interferometry. The smartWLI series combines measurement speed with high resolution and a wide acceptance angle. By utilizing GPGPU technology, image data is processed massively in parallel, enabling very short measurement times.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"383\" data-end=\"563\">The systems are compact and can be directly integrated into production lines. Advanced Quality Control (AQC) improves the evaluation of measurement points and minimizes outliers.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"565\" data-end=\"838\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Typical applications range from the analysis of polished wafers, cylinder bores, and cutting edges to the evaluation of additively manufactured surfaces. Integration into production lines is facilitated via an SDK, allowing flexible adaptation to various measurement tasks.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bc1\" data-type=\"quote\">\r\n\r\n                                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuote\">\r\n                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuoteText\">\r\n                                Note: Integrating modern measurement systems into production lines accelerates quality control and enhances process reliability.                            <\/div>\r\n                                                                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"58\" height=\"48\" viewBox=\"0 0 58 48\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                            <path d=\"M12.9182 47.7384C8.96364 47.7384 5.8 46.2997 3.42727 43.4223C1.14242 40.4578 0 36.97 0 32.9591C0 29.6458 0.615151 26.5504 1.84545 23.673C3.07576 20.7956 4.61364 18.1798 6.45909 15.8256C8.39242 13.4714 10.4136 11.4223 12.5227 9.67847C14.7197 7.84741 16.7409 6.32153 18.5864 5.10082C20.4318 3.79292 21.9258 2.83379 23.0682 2.22343C24.2985 1.61308 24.8697 1.3079 24.7818 1.3079L27.8136 5.3624C27.0227 5.71117 25.9682 6.40872 24.65 7.45504C23.3318 8.41417 22.0136 9.59128 20.6955 10.9864C19.4652 12.3815 18.3667 13.9074 17.4 15.564C16.4333 17.1335 15.95 18.6594 15.95 20.1417C15.95 21.0136 16.4773 21.8856 17.5318 22.7575C18.5864 23.5422 19.7288 24.5014 20.9591 25.6349C22.1894 26.6812 23.3318 27.9891 24.3864 29.5586C25.4409 31.0409 25.9682 32.8719 25.9682 35.0518C25.9682 36.97 25.5727 38.7139 24.7818 40.2834C24.0788 41.8529 23.1121 43.2044 21.8818 44.3379C20.7394 45.3842 19.3773 46.2125 17.7955 46.8229C16.2136 47.4332 14.5879 47.7384 12.9182 47.7384ZM45.3455 48C43.3242 48 41.4788 47.564 39.8091 46.6921C38.1394 45.8202 36.6894 44.6431 35.4591 43.1608C34.2288 41.6785 33.2621 39.9782 32.5591 38.0599C31.9439 36.0545 31.6364 33.9183 31.6364 31.6512C31.6364 27.1172 32.603 22.9319 34.5364 19.0954C36.5576 15.1717 38.7545 11.8147 41.1273 9.02452C43.9394 5.71117 47.147 2.703 50.75 0L54.5727 3.53134C53.7818 4.0545 52.8152 4.88283 51.6727 6.01635C50.6182 7.14986 49.6076 8.50136 48.6409 10.0708C47.7621 11.5531 46.9712 13.1226 46.2682 14.7793C45.653 16.436 45.3455 18.049 45.3455 19.6185C45.3455 20.6649 46.0045 21.5368 47.3227 22.2343C48.6409 22.9319 50.0909 23.8038 51.6727 24.8501C53.2545 25.8965 54.7045 27.248 56.0227 28.9046C57.3409 30.4741 58 32.6975 58 35.5749C58 37.3188 57.6485 38.9319 56.9455 40.4142C56.2424 41.8965 55.2758 43.2044 54.0455 44.3379C52.903 45.4714 51.5409 46.3869 49.9591 47.0845C48.4651 47.6948 46.9273 48 45.3455 48Z\"\r\n                                  fill=\"#049BE5\"\/>\r\n                        <\/svg>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bc3\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Challenges and Sources of Error in Surface Roughness Measurement<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"66\" data-end=\"285\">When determining surface roughness, various sources of error can arise. The selection and calibration of measurement standards, such as MAHR MSS3 or HALLE KNT 4058-01, ensure traceability and comparability of results.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"287\" data-end=\"681\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Environmental conditions, including temperature and vibrations, influence measurement outcomes, making suitable equipment and measurement environments essential. The choice of an appropriate measurement strategy and parameters determines the meaningfulness of the results. Interpretation of roughness values should always consider the manufacturing conditions and the function of the component.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bc4\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Advancements in Surface Measurement<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"37\" data-end=\"352\">Digitalization is shaping the development of surface measurement. Automated inline systems monitor roughness directly during production. Intelligent software solutions analyze large volumes of data and support process optimization, while artificial intelligence enhances the interpretation of measurement results.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"354\" data-end=\"599\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The networking of measurement systems enables continuous monitoring of complex manufacturing processes. Development is moving toward faster, more flexible, and more robust measurement methods that meet the increasing quality demands in industry.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bc5\" data-type=\"quote\">\r\n\r\n                                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuote\">\r\n                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuoteText\">\r\n                                Note: The future of surface measurement lies in automated, networked systems with intelligent data analysis.                            <\/div>\r\n                                                                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"58\" height=\"48\" viewBox=\"0 0 58 48\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                            <path d=\"M12.9182 47.7384C8.96364 47.7384 5.8 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35.4591 43.1608C34.2288 41.6785 33.2621 39.9782 32.5591 38.0599C31.9439 36.0545 31.6364 33.9183 31.6364 31.6512C31.6364 27.1172 32.603 22.9319 34.5364 19.0954C36.5576 15.1717 38.7545 11.8147 41.1273 9.02452C43.9394 5.71117 47.147 2.703 50.75 0L54.5727 3.53134C53.7818 4.0545 52.8152 4.88283 51.6727 6.01635C50.6182 7.14986 49.6076 8.50136 48.6409 10.0708C47.7621 11.5531 46.9712 13.1226 46.2682 14.7793C45.653 16.436 45.3455 18.049 45.3455 19.6185C45.3455 20.6649 46.0045 21.5368 47.3227 22.2343C48.6409 22.9319 50.0909 23.8038 51.6727 24.8501C53.2545 25.8965 54.7045 27.248 56.0227 28.9046C57.3409 30.4741 58 32.6975 58 35.5749C58 37.3188 57.6485 38.9319 56.9455 40.4142C56.2424 41.8965 55.2758 43.2044 54.0455 44.3379C52.903 45.4714 51.5409 46.3869 49.9591 47.0845C48.4651 47.6948 46.9273 48 45.3455 48Z\"\r\n                                  fill=\"#049BE5\"\/>\r\n                        <\/svg>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bc7\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Measure surface roughness precisely with GBS technology now.<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11bc8\" data-type=\"image\">\r\n\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockImage\">\r\n                                                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockImageSingle\">\r\n                                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1554\" height=\"1020\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Teaser-Kategorie-Labor-Forschung.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Measuring systems in the laboratory and research sector\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Teaser-Kategorie-Labor-Forschung.png 1554w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Teaser-Kategorie-Labor-Forschung-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Teaser-Kategorie-Labor-Forschung-1024x672.png 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Teaser-Kategorie-Labor-Forschung-768x504.png 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Teaser-Kategorie-Labor-Forschung-1536x1008.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1554px) 100vw, 1554px\" \/>                                <\/div>\r\n                                                    <\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b11c35\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p>Obtain reliable and objective surface roughness measurements with the innovative optical systems from GBS metrology. Our smartWLI series delivers maximum resolution, speed, and flexibility for both laboratory and production environments. Benefit from our expertise with personalized consultation or a free test measurement. Experience how modern metrology enhances your quality control and process reliability. Contact us today to find the optimal solution for your applications!<\/p>\n<p><b><br \/>\n<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/contact\/\"><b>contact our team<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                    <nav id=\"post-toc\" class=\"is-hidden\">\r\n                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuTitle\">\r\n                    Contents                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItems\">\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b11bb5\">\r\n                            What is meant by surface roughness?                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b11bb8\">\r\n                            Key Parameters and Standards for Characterizing Surface Texture                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b11bbb\">\r\n                            Importance of Surface Roughness for Function and Quality                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b11bbd\">\r\n                            Measurement Methods for Determining Surface Roughness                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b11bbf\">\r\n                            Modern Solutions from GBS Metrology for Roughness Measurement                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b11bc3\">\r\n                            Challenges and Sources of Error in Surface Roughness Measurement                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b11bc4\">\r\n                            Advancements in Surface Measurement                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b11bc7\">\r\n                            Measure surface roughness precisely with GBS technology now.                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n            <\/nav>\r\n                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConShare\">\r\n            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConShareTitle\">\r\n                Share:            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConShareButtons\">\r\n                <button type=\"button\"\r\n                        onclick=\"copyToClipboard(this, 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class=\"headline_default headline_h1\">\r\n                                <h2>Discover more news about GBS<\/h2>\n                            <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"colored-lines\"><\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"products-slider__slider products-slider_js\">\r\n                            <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-4819 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry tag-knowledge-tips\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/lateral-resolution-of-a-profilometer\/\">\r\n                       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While it was once primarily evaluated by how well it&#8230;                                                <\/p>\r\n                                                <a class=\"btn-link btn-link_primary blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/lateral-resolution-of-a-profilometer\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n             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       <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/contactless-measurement\/\" class=\"blog-card__title\">How Contactless Measurement Improves Industrial Processes<\/a>\r\n                                                <\/header>\r\n\r\n                                                <p class=\"blog-card__content\">\r\n                                                                                                    <\/p>\r\n                                                <a class=\"btn-link btn-link_primary blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/contactless-measurement\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5157 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/optical-3d-sensors\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-768x384.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Applikationsstichprobenmessung des Hochgeschwindigkeitssensor f\u00fcr Produktionsumgebungen smartWLI firebolt8\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-2048x1024.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                          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768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MIKRO-KRISTALLINE-SIC-OBERFLAeCHE-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MIKRO-KRISTALLINE-SIC-OBERFLAeCHE.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-20T16:28:47+02:00\">\r\n                                                        20\/10\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    <span class=\"blog-card__cat\">\r\n                                                    \t\t\t\t\t                            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18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5159 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/measurement-system-analysis\/\">\r\n                                            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https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-300x130.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-1024x443.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-1536x665.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-2048x887.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-13T15:25:45+02:00\">\r\n                                                        13\/10\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    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xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5162 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/tactile-measurement\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"160\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard-768x192.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard-768x192.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard-300x75.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-10T15:07:38+02:00\">\r\n                                                        10\/10\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    <span class=\"blog-card__cat\">\r\n                                                    \t\t\t\t\t                            <\/span>\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/tactile-measurement\/\" class=\"blog-card__title\">Tactile Measurement: A Detailed Overview<\/a>\r\n                                                <\/header>\r\n\r\n                                                <p class=\"blog-card__content\">\r\n                                                                                                    <\/p>\r\n                                                <a class=\"btn-link btn-link_primary blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/tactile-measurement\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5163 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/roughness-measurement\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-768x384.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Surface\u00a0Roughness\u00a0Standards Halle KNT4058-01\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-2048x1024.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-08T16:26:53+02:00\">\r\n                                                        08\/10\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    <span class=\"blog-card__cat\">\r\n                                                    \t\t\t\t\t                            <\/span>\r\n    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stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-4637 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry tag-company-insights\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/sustainability-at-gbs\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"662\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/GBS-kilmaschutz-Photovoltaik-768x794.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Photovoltaic Systems on the Roof of GBS metrology GmbH\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/GBS-kilmaschutz-Photovoltaik-768x794.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/GBS-kilmaschutz-Photovoltaik-290x300.jpg 290w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/GBS-kilmaschutz-Photovoltaik.jpg 991w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                   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blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/sustainability-at-gbs\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-4882 blog 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