{"id":5158,"date":"2025-10-20T16:28:47","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T14:28:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=5158"},"modified":"2025-12-17T15:02:40","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T14:02:40","slug":"precision-vs-accuracy-surfaces-measurable","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/precision-vs-accuracy-surfaces-measurable\/","title":{"rendered":"Precision vs. Accuracy: How Modern 3D Profilers Make Surfaces Measurable"},"content":{"rendered":"    <section id=\"blog-post-block_66f54ceacbc289289a971059f2b50c2c\" class=\"ArticleMultiCon  blog-post\"\r\n             data-uniqid=\"69e34b8b9a459\">\r\n        <div class=\"container unrules\">\r\n            <div class=\"page-breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"17\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 17\" fill=\"none\">\r\n  <path d=\"M6.01325 2.39336L2.41992 5.19336C1.81992 5.66003 1.33325 6.65336 1.33325 7.40669V12.3467C1.33325 13.8934 2.59325 15.16 4.13992 15.16H11.8599C13.4066 15.16 14.6666 13.8934 14.6666 12.3534V7.50003C14.6666 6.69336 14.1266 5.66003 13.4666 5.20003L9.34659 2.31336C8.41325 1.66003 6.91325 1.69336 6.01325 2.39336Z\" stroke=\"#3F4A50\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n  <path d=\"M8 12.4933V10.4933\" stroke=\"#3F4A50\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"container\">\r\n            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHero\">\r\n                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroTop\">\r\n                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-20T16:28:47+02:00\">\r\n                        20\/10\/2025                    <\/time>\r\n                    <span class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroTopCat\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <h1 class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroTitle\">Precision vs. Accuracy: How Modern 3D Profilers Make Surfaces Measurable<\/h1>\r\n                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPerson\">\r\n                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPersonImg\">\r\n                                                                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPersonData\">\r\n                        <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPersonDataTitle\">\r\n                                                    <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroPersonDataText\">\r\n                            \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                    <figure class=\"ArticleMultiConHeroImage\">\r\n                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MIKRO-KRISTALLINE-SIC-OBERFLAeCHE-768x384.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Beispielmessung einer Mikro-Kristallinen SIC Oberfl\u00e4che\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MIKRO-KRISTALLINE-SIC-OBERFLAeCHE-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MIKRO-KRISTALLINE-SIC-OBERFLAeCHE-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MIKRO-KRISTALLINE-SIC-OBERFLAeCHE.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                    <\/figure>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConWrap\">\r\n                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContent\">\r\n                                        <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfc8\" data-type=\"navi\">\r\n\r\n                                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenu\"><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfce\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <ul data-start=\"80\" data-end=\"573\">\n<li data-start=\"80\" data-end=\"140\">\n<p data-start=\"82\" data-end=\"140\">Clear distinction between <strong data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"121\">precision<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"126\" data-end=\"138\">accuracy<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"141\" data-end=\"221\">\n<p data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"221\">Optical 3D profilers deliver up to <strong data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"219\">8 million measurement points per scan<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"300\">\n<p data-start=\"224\" data-end=\"300\"><strong data-start=\"224\" data-end=\"239\">8 MP camera<\/strong> with a <strong data-start=\"247\" data-end=\"264\">10\u00d7 objective<\/strong> enables spatial sampling \u2264 0.5 \u00b5m<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"301\" data-end=\"366\">\n<p data-start=\"303\" data-end=\"366\">Advanced algorithms like <strong data-start=\"328\" data-end=\"340\">HD-EPSI+<\/strong> reduce noise to &lt;0.1 nm<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"367\" data-end=\"437\">\n<p data-start=\"369\" data-end=\"437\"><strong data-start=\"369\" data-end=\"382\">ISO 21920<\/strong> requires sampling \u2264 0.5 \u00b5m for roughness measurement<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"438\" data-end=\"502\">\n<p data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"502\"><strong data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"472\">Power Spectral Density (PSD)<\/strong> allows system comparability<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"503\" data-end=\"573\">\n<p data-start=\"505\" data-end=\"573\">Test measurements and applicable standards ensure reliable results<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"1038\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">In metrology, users frequently encounter the terms <strong data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"639\">precision<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"644\" data-end=\"656\">accuracy<\/strong>. While often used interchangeably, they describe different aspects of measurement quality. Demands on surface analysis are continuously increasing due to miniaturization and rising quality standards in manufacturing. In optical 3D metrology, the ability to capture both precise and accurate values determines the value of measurement data for research, development, and production.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfd2\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Precision and Accuracy: The Basics<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p><strong data-start=\"42\" data-end=\"55\">Precision<\/strong> describes how closely multiple measurement results agree when performed under identical conditions. <strong data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"168\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Accuracy<\/strong> refers to how close a measurement result is to the true value. A system can be very precise yet still inaccurate if a systematic error is present. In surface metrology, precision is crucial for the repeatability of measurements, while accuracy ensures comparability with standards.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfd6\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>How Do Technical Parameters Affect Precision and Accuracy?<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"66\" data-end=\"470\">The technical specifications of a measurement system directly influence both precision and accuracy. <strong data-start=\"167\" data-end=\"189\">Lateral resolution<\/strong>determines how finely surface details are captured. Smaller sampling intervals allow more details to be represented over a larger area. A high-resolution camera, for example <strong data-start=\"364\" data-end=\"380\">8 megapixels<\/strong>, provides significantly more measurement points per scan than lower-resolution systems.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"472\" data-end=\"764\">A defined <strong data-start=\"482\" data-end=\"503\">sampling interval<\/strong>, such as 0.5 \u00b5m, is required to meet the <strong data-start=\"545\" data-end=\"558\">ISO 21920<\/strong> standard for roughness measurements. <strong data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"614\">Signal quality<\/strong>, particularly image noise, affects precision. Modern algorithms reduce noise, enhancing measurement reliability, especially for roughness analysis.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"805\"><strong data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"803\">Summary of Key Technical Factors:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"1078\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"881\">\n<p data-start=\"808\" data-end=\"881\">Lateral resolution and sampling interval determine the level of detail.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"953\">\n<p data-start=\"884\" data-end=\"953\">Higher camera resolution provides more measurement points per scan.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"954\" data-end=\"1018\">\n<p data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1018\">Reduced noise increases precision in roughness measurements.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1078\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1078\" data-is-last-node=\"\">ISO 21920 requires a maximum sampling interval of 0.5 \u00b5m.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfd9\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Advanced Optical 3D Metrology: Setting New Standards for Precision and Accuracy<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"467\">Modern optical 3D profilers, such as the <strong data-start=\"128\" data-end=\"147\">smartWLI series<\/strong>, combine high-resolution cameras with powerful graphics cards. <strong data-start=\"211\" data-end=\"234\">8-megapixel cameras<\/strong> allow up to <strong data-start=\"247\" data-end=\"288\">8 million measurement points per scan<\/strong> to be captured with a defined sampling interval. Data evaluation occurs in real time directly on the graphics card, eliminating the need for intermediate storage of image data.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"696\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Unlike systems that use binning methods and evaluate only a portion of the measurement points, these profilers retain the full detail of the surface. This enables large areas to be measured with <strong data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"695\">high precision and accuracy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfdc\" data-type=\"quote\">\r\n\r\n                                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuote\">\r\n                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuoteText\">\r\n                                Note: The combination of high resolution and real-time evaluation enables large, detailed surface measurements without any loss of information.\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                                                                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"58\" height=\"48\" viewBox=\"0 0 58 48\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                            <path d=\"M12.9182 47.7384C8.96364 47.7384 5.8 46.2997 3.42727 43.4223C1.14242 40.4578 0 36.97 0 32.9591C0 29.6458 0.615151 26.5504 1.84545 23.673C3.07576 20.7956 4.61364 18.1798 6.45909 15.8256C8.39242 13.4714 10.4136 11.4223 12.5227 9.67847C14.7197 7.84741 16.7409 6.32153 18.5864 5.10082C20.4318 3.79292 21.9258 2.83379 23.0682 2.22343C24.2985 1.61308 24.8697 1.3079 24.7818 1.3079L27.8136 5.3624C27.0227 5.71117 25.9682 6.40872 24.65 7.45504C23.3318 8.41417 22.0136 9.59128 20.6955 10.9864C19.4652 12.3815 18.3667 13.9074 17.4 15.564C16.4333 17.1335 15.95 18.6594 15.95 20.1417C15.95 21.0136 16.4773 21.8856 17.5318 22.7575C18.5864 23.5422 19.7288 24.5014 20.9591 25.6349C22.1894 26.6812 23.3318 27.9891 24.3864 29.5586C25.4409 31.0409 25.9682 32.8719 25.9682 35.0518C25.9682 36.97 25.5727 38.7139 24.7818 40.2834C24.0788 41.8529 23.1121 43.2044 21.8818 44.3379C20.7394 45.3842 19.3773 46.2125 17.7955 46.8229C16.2136 47.4332 14.5879 47.7384 12.9182 47.7384ZM45.3455 48C43.3242 48 41.4788 47.564 39.8091 46.6921C38.1394 45.8202 36.6894 44.6431 35.4591 43.1608C34.2288 41.6785 33.2621 39.9782 32.5591 38.0599C31.9439 36.0545 31.6364 33.9183 31.6364 31.6512C31.6364 27.1172 32.603 22.9319 34.5364 19.0954C36.5576 15.1717 38.7545 11.8147 41.1273 9.02452C43.9394 5.71117 47.147 2.703 50.75 0L54.5727 3.53134C53.7818 4.0545 52.8152 4.88283 51.6727 6.01635C50.6182 7.14986 49.6076 8.50136 48.6409 10.0708C47.7621 11.5531 46.9712 13.1226 46.2682 14.7793C45.653 16.436 45.3455 18.049 45.3455 19.6185C45.3455 20.6649 46.0045 21.5368 47.3227 22.2343C48.6409 22.9319 50.0909 23.8038 51.6727 24.8501C53.2545 25.8965 54.7045 27.248 56.0227 28.9046C57.3409 30.4741 58 32.6975 58 35.5749C58 37.3188 57.6485 38.9319 56.9455 40.4142C56.2424 41.8965 55.2758 43.2044 54.0455 44.3379C52.903 45.4714 51.5409 46.3869 49.9591 47.0845C48.4651 47.6948 46.9273 48 45.3455 48Z\"\r\n                                  fill=\"#049BE5\"\/>\r\n                        <\/svg>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfdf\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Measurement Algorithms Compared: From VSI to HD-EPSI+<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"61\" data-end=\"179\">The <strong data-start=\"65\" data-end=\"91\">precision and accuracy<\/strong> of a measurement are influenced not only by hardware but also by the algorithms used.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"181\" data-end=\"687\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li data-start=\"181\" data-end=\"307\">\n<p data-start=\"183\" data-end=\"307\"><strong data-start=\"183\" data-end=\"225\">VSI (Vertical Scanning Interferometry)<\/strong> offers a large measurement range but does not achieve sub-nanometer resolution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"308\" data-end=\"365\">\n<p data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"365\"><strong data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"320\">HD-VSI<\/strong> reduces noise by using smaller increments.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"366\" data-end=\"480\">\n<p data-start=\"368\" data-end=\"480\"><strong data-start=\"368\" data-end=\"404\">PSI (Phase Shift Interferometry)<\/strong> delivers high vertical resolution but is limited to a small height range.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"481\" data-end=\"533\">\n<p data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"533\"><strong data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"491\">EPSI<\/strong> combines the advantages of VSI and PSI.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"534\" data-end=\"687\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"536\" data-end=\"687\" data-is-last-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"536\" data-end=\"560\">HD-EPSI and HD-EPSI+<\/strong> use fine increments and an unwrapping procedure to measure even steep and reflective surfaces with <strong data-start=\"660\" data-end=\"686\">sub-nanometer accuracy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfe2\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>The Impact of Camera Technology on Precision and Accuracy<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"65\" data-end=\"284\">Camera resolution has a direct effect on measurement quality. While a <strong data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"152\">1.3 MP camera<\/strong> with a 20\u00d7 objective allows a lateral sampling of <strong data-start=\"203\" data-end=\"214\">0.65 \u00b5m<\/strong>, an <strong data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"234\">8 MP camera<\/strong> under the same conditions achieves <strong data-start=\"270\" data-end=\"281\">0.25 \u00b5m<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"588\">The difference becomes especially noticeable when measuring <strong data-start=\"346\" data-end=\"386\">microlens structures or steep flanks<\/strong>. Higher resolution provides more detail, better signal quality, and enables the use of advanced algorithms such as <strong data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"514\">HD-EPSI+<\/strong>, resulting in increased precision and accuracy of the measurement data.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"590\" data-end=\"634\"><strong data-start=\"590\" data-end=\"632\">Advantages of High-Resolution Cameras:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"832\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"686\">\n<p data-start=\"637\" data-end=\"686\">More detail through smaller sampling intervals.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"733\">\n<p data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"733\">Improved signal quality on steep surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"780\">\n<p data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"780\">Enables advanced algorithms like HD-EPSI+.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"781\" data-end=\"832\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"783\" data-end=\"832\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Enhanced measurement results for microstructures.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfea\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Noise Reduction and Topography Reproducibility: How Modern Algorithms Enhance Precision<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"95\" data-end=\"416\">Low noise levels are crucial for precise measurements. Using a <strong data-start=\"158\" data-end=\"179\">smartWLI firebolt<\/strong> with a 50\u00d7 objective and <strong data-start=\"205\" data-end=\"216\">HD-EPSI<\/strong>, under measurement conditions with an <strong data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"279\">increment of 8.75 nm<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"284\" data-end=\"302\">40 repetitions<\/strong>, the roughness difference <strong data-start=\"329\" data-end=\"338\">Rq \u0394z<\/strong> is less than <strong data-start=\"352\" data-end=\"361\">10 pm<\/strong>, achieving a topography reproducibility of <strong data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"413\">7 pm<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"418\" data-end=\"663\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">By comparison, traditional VSI methods show values around <strong data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"485\">10 nm<\/strong>. Advanced algorithms thus enable significantly higher reproducibility, providing better control over measurement results, particularly when measuring <strong data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"662\">sub-angstrom roughness<\/strong>.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dfee\" data-type=\"quote\">\r\n\r\n                                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuote\">\r\n                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockQuoteText\">\r\n                                Note:\r\nModern algorithms reduce noise and ensure reproducibility of measurement data at the nanometer level.                            <\/div>\r\n                                                                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"58\" height=\"48\" viewBox=\"0 0 58 48\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                            <path d=\"M12.9182 47.7384C8.96364 47.7384 5.8 46.2997 3.42727 43.4223C1.14242 40.4578 0 36.97 0 32.9591C0 29.6458 0.615151 26.5504 1.84545 23.673C3.07576 20.7956 4.61364 18.1798 6.45909 15.8256C8.39242 13.4714 10.4136 11.4223 12.5227 9.67847C14.7197 7.84741 16.7409 6.32153 18.5864 5.10082C20.4318 3.79292 21.9258 2.83379 23.0682 2.22343C24.2985 1.61308 24.8697 1.3079 24.7818 1.3079L27.8136 5.3624C27.0227 5.71117 25.9682 6.40872 24.65 7.45504C23.3318 8.41417 22.0136 9.59128 20.6955 10.9864C19.4652 12.3815 18.3667 13.9074 17.4 15.564C16.4333 17.1335 15.95 18.6594 15.95 20.1417C15.95 21.0136 16.4773 21.8856 17.5318 22.7575C18.5864 23.5422 19.7288 24.5014 20.9591 25.6349C22.1894 26.6812 23.3318 27.9891 24.3864 29.5586C25.4409 31.0409 25.9682 32.8719 25.9682 35.0518C25.9682 36.97 25.5727 38.7139 24.7818 40.2834C24.0788 41.8529 23.1121 43.2044 21.8818 44.3379C20.7394 45.3842 19.3773 46.2125 17.7955 46.8229C16.2136 47.4332 14.5879 47.7384 12.9182 47.7384ZM45.3455 48C43.3242 48 41.4788 47.564 39.8091 46.6921C38.1394 45.8202 36.6894 44.6431 35.4591 43.1608C34.2288 41.6785 33.2621 39.9782 32.5591 38.0599C31.9439 36.0545 31.6364 33.9183 31.6364 31.6512C31.6364 27.1172 32.603 22.9319 34.5364 19.0954C36.5576 15.1717 38.7545 11.8147 41.1273 9.02452C43.9394 5.71117 47.147 2.703 50.75 0L54.5727 3.53134C53.7818 4.0545 52.8152 4.88283 51.6727 6.01635C50.6182 7.14986 49.6076 8.50136 48.6409 10.0708C47.7621 11.5531 46.9712 13.1226 46.2682 14.7793C45.653 16.436 45.3455 18.049 45.3455 19.6185C45.3455 20.6649 46.0045 21.5368 47.3227 22.2343C48.6409 22.9319 50.0909 23.8038 51.6727 24.8501C53.2545 25.8965 54.7045 27.248 56.0227 28.9046C57.3409 30.4741 58 32.6975 58 35.5749C58 37.3188 57.6485 38.9319 56.9455 40.4142C56.2424 41.8965 55.2758 43.2044 54.0455 44.3379C52.903 45.4714 51.5409 46.3869 49.9591 47.0845C48.4651 47.6948 46.9273 48 45.3455 48Z\"\r\n                                  fill=\"#049BE5\"\/>\r\n                        <\/svg>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dff6\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>ISO 21920 and the Importance of Defined Sampling Intervals<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"66\" data-end=\"281\">ISO 21920 specifies a <strong data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"121\">sampling interval of \u2264 0.5 \u00b5m<\/strong> for roughness measurements. Systems such as the <strong data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"192\">smartWLI firebolt8<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"197\" data-end=\"208\">nimbus8<\/strong> meet this requirement with an <strong data-start=\"239\" data-end=\"254\">8 MP camera<\/strong> and a <strong data-start=\"261\" data-end=\"278\">10\u00d7 objective<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"283\" data-end=\"532\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Adhering to the defined sampling interval ensures that even small roughness features are reliably captured. This is essential for <strong data-start=\"413\" data-end=\"447\">documentation and traceability<\/strong> of measurement results and provides confidence during <strong data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"531\">audits and certifications<\/strong>.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dff8\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Power Spectral Density (PSD): New Approaches to Quality Assessment<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"327\">Analyzing the <strong data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"120\">Power Spectral Density (PSD)<\/strong> allows for an <strong data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"159\">objective comparison<\/strong> of different measurement systems and technologies. It reveals which structures and details a system can actually capture, independent of manufacturer specifications.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"329\" data-end=\"587\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">PSD analysis enables a <strong data-start=\"352\" data-end=\"385\">direct performance comparison<\/strong> of coherence scanning (white-light) interferometry, confocal microscopy, focus variation, and other techniques. Users benefit from a <strong data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"550\">clear decision-making basis<\/strong> when selecting a measurement system.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dffc\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>Practical Tips: Choosing the Right System and Standards for Your Application<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"343\">When selecting a measurement system, it is advisable to <strong data-start=\"140\" data-end=\"175\">clearly define the requirements<\/strong> of your specific application. Using appropriate roughness standards and performing <strong data-start=\"259\" data-end=\"296\">test measurements on real samples<\/strong> helps to verify the suitability of a system.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"345\" data-end=\"582\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Standards should be chosen to <strong data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"412\">represent the relevant structures<\/strong> of the surfaces to be measured. Consulting with <strong data-start=\"461\" data-end=\"502\">experienced users or system providers<\/strong> can simplify the selection process and minimize the risk of measurement errors.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9dffe\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle headline_default headline_h2\">\r\n                        <h2>The Future of Precision and Accuracy Measurement with GBS Metrology<\/h2>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                                    <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9e000\" data-type=\"image\">\r\n\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockImage\">\r\n                                                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockImageSingle\">\r\n                                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/GBS-unternehmen.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Aufnahme des Unternehmensgeb\u00e4udes der GBS Metrology GmbH\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/GBS-unternehmen.jpg 800w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/GBS-unternehmen-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/GBS-unternehmen-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>                                <\/div>\r\n                                                    <\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9e09c\" data-type=\"text\">\r\n\r\n                                                                                    <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockText text_default\">\r\n                        <p data-start=\"78\" data-end=\"546\">Precision and accuracy are not opposites\u2014they complement each other in advanced measurement technology. Modern optical 3D profilers, such as the <strong data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"242\">smartWLI series<\/strong>, enable exact and repeatable analysis of even the most complex surface structures. The combination of <strong data-start=\"345\" data-end=\"424\">high-resolution hardware, powerful algorithms, and ISO-compliant procedures<\/strong>provides a reliable foundation for trustworthy measurement results in research, development, and industrial production.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"960\">Continuous advancement in hardware and software brings <strong data-start=\"603\" data-end=\"681\">faster measurements, higher resolution, and enhanced analysis capabilities<\/strong>. Automated workflows and sophisticated algorithms ensure consistent results and open new possibilities in quality assurance and process monitoring. Integration into digital workflows and adherence to current standards secure the long-term viability of the measurement systems.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"962\" data-end=\"1144\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Looking to elevate your processes to the next level? <strong data-start=\"1015\" data-end=\"1040\">Rely on GBS metrology<\/strong>. Contact us for a no-obligation consultation or request a free test measurement using your own samples!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/contact\/\"><b>contact our team<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlock \" id=\"69e34b8b9e0a1\" data-type=\"faq\">\r\n\r\n                                        <!-- FAQ block -->\r\n                                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockTitle ArticleMultiConContentBlockFAQ  multi-block-space headline-32 headline_h2\">\r\n                    <h2>FAQ<\/h2>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n                                        <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockFaq\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\r\n                                            <div class=\"faq-item\" data-faq-item itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\"\r\n                             itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\r\n                            <div class=\"faq-question\"\r\n                                 role=\"button\"\r\n                                 tabindex=\"0\"\r\n                                 aria-expanded=\"false\"\r\n                                 data-faq-toggle\r\n                                 itemprop=\"name\">\r\n                                <span class=\"faq-question__text\">What is the difference between precision and accuracy?<\/span>\r\n\r\n                                <svg class=\"faq-icon faq-icon--plus\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\"\r\n                                     height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                                    <path d=\"M8 16H24M16 24V8\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\r\n                                          stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n                                <\/svg>\r\n                                <svg class=\"faq-icon faq-icon--minus\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\"\r\n                                     height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                                    <path d=\"M8 16H24\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\r\n                                          stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n                                <\/svg>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                            <div class=\"faq-answer\" hidden data-faq-panel itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\"\r\n                                 itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\r\n                                <div itemprop=\"text\">\r\n                                    <p>Precision describes how closely multiple measurement results lie to each other under the same conditions. Accuracy indicates how close a measurement result is to the true value. Both properties are essential for reliable measurement results.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"faq-item\" data-faq-item itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\"\r\n                             itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\r\n                            <div class=\"faq-question\"\r\n                                 role=\"button\"\r\n                                 tabindex=\"0\"\r\n                                 aria-expanded=\"false\"\r\n                                 data-faq-toggle\r\n                                 itemprop=\"name\">\r\n                                <span class=\"faq-question__text\">What role does camera resolution play in 3D profilers?<\/span>\r\n\r\n                                <svg class=\"faq-icon faq-icon--plus\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\"\r\n                                     height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                                    <path d=\"M8 16H24M16 24V8\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\r\n                                          stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n                                <\/svg>\r\n                                <svg class=\"faq-icon faq-icon--minus\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\"\r\n                                     height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                                    <path d=\"M8 16H24\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\r\n                                          stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n                                <\/svg>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                            <div class=\"faq-answer\" hidden data-faq-panel itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\"\r\n                                 itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\r\n                                <div itemprop=\"text\">\r\n                                    <p>Higher camera resolution allows more measurement points per scan and improves the level of detail. This makes it possible to capture fine structures and steep edges more accurately. Modern systems like <strong data-start=\"571\" data-end=\"583\">smartWLI<\/strong> operate with up to 8 MP and a defined sampling density.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"faq-item\" data-faq-item itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\"\r\n                             itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\r\n                            <div class=\"faq-question\"\r\n                                 role=\"button\"\r\n                                 tabindex=\"0\"\r\n                                 aria-expanded=\"false\"\r\n                                 data-faq-toggle\r\n                                 itemprop=\"name\">\r\n                                <span class=\"faq-question__text\">Why is the sampling interval so important for roughness measurements according to ISO 21920?<\/span>\r\n\r\n                                <svg class=\"faq-icon faq-icon--plus\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\"\r\n                                     height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                                    <path d=\"M8 16H24M16 24V8\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\r\n                                          stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n                                <\/svg>\r\n                                <svg class=\"faq-icon faq-icon--minus\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\"\r\n                                     height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\r\n                                    <path d=\"M8 16H24\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\r\n                                          stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n                                <\/svg>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                            <div class=\"faq-answer\" hidden data-faq-panel itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\"\r\n                                 itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\r\n                                <div itemprop=\"text\">\r\n                                    <p>The sampling interval determines how finely a surface is scanned. ISO 21920 requires \u2264 0.5 \u00b5m to ensure that even small roughness features are reliably detected. This is the only way to guarantee measurement results that are reproducible and comparable.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                    <nav id=\"post-toc\" class=\"is-hidden\">\r\n                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuTitle\">\r\n                    Contents                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItems\">\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b9dfd2\">\r\n                            Precision and Accuracy: The Basics                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b9dfd9\">\r\n                            Advanced Optical 3D Metrology: Setting New Standards for Precision and Accuracy                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b9dfdf\">\r\n                            Measurement Algorithms Compared: From VSI to HD-EPSI+                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b9dfe2\">\r\n                            The Impact of Camera Technology on Precision and Accuracy                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b9dfea\">\r\n                            Noise Reduction and Topography Reproducibility: How Modern Algorithms Enhance Precision                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b9dff6\">\r\n                            ISO 21920 and the Importance of Defined Sampling Intervals                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b9dff8\">\r\n                            Power Spectral Density (PSD): New Approaches to Quality Assessment                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b9dffc\">\r\n                            Practical Tips: Choosing the Right System and Standards for Your Application                        <\/a>\r\n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"ArticleMultiConContentBlockMenuItem\" href=\"#69e34b8b9dffe\">\r\n                            The Future of Precision and Accuracy Measurement with GBS Metrology                        <\/a>\r\n  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7.83743 9.85344 7.78636L9.11844 5.81736C9.09711 5.76026 9.05889 5.71102 9.00887 5.67618C8.95885 5.64134 8.8994 5.62257 8.83844 5.62236H6.94344Z\"\r\n                              fill=\"#049BE5\"\/>\r\n                    <\/svg>\r\n                <\/a>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n                        <div class=\"related-posts margin_space\">\r\n            <div class=\"container unrules\">\r\n                <div class=\"products-slider__grid\">\r\n                    <div class=\"head-content\">\r\n                                                    <div class=\"subheadline_default\">Further articles<\/div>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"headline_default headline_h1\">\r\n                                <h2>Discover more news about GBS<\/h2>\n                            <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"colored-lines\"><\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                            <div class=\"products-slider__slider products-slider_js\">\r\n                            <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-4819 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry tag-knowledge-tips\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/lateral-resolution-of-a-profilometer\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/laterale-Aufloesung-Profilometer-768x278.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Messbeispiel laterale Aufl\u00f6sung Profilometer\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/laterale-Aufloesung-Profilometer-768x278.png 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/laterale-Aufloesung-Profilometer-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/laterale-Aufloesung-Profilometer.png 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-11-03T15:48:00+01:00\">\r\n                                                        03\/11\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    <span class=\"blog-card__cat\">\r\n                                                    Knowledge &amp; Tips\t\t\t\t\t                            <\/span>\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/lateral-resolution-of-a-profilometer\/\" class=\"blog-card__title\">Requirements for the Lateral Resolution of a Profilometer<\/a>\r\n                                                <\/header>\r\n\r\n                                                <p class=\"blog-card__content\">\r\n                                                    Optical profilometry has advanced rapidly in recent years. While it was once primarily evaluated by how well it&#8230;                                                <\/p>\r\n                                                <a class=\"btn-link btn-link_primary blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/lateral-resolution-of-a-profilometer\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5156 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/contactless-measurement\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"160\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard-768x192.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard-768x192.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard-300x75.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-24T16:45:15+02:00\">\r\n                                                        24\/10\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    <span class=\"blog-card__cat\">\r\n                                                    \t\t\t\t\t                            <\/span>\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/contactless-measurement\/\" class=\"blog-card__title\">How Contactless Measurement Improves Industrial Processes<\/a>\r\n                                                <\/header>\r\n\r\n                                                <p class=\"blog-card__content\">\r\n                                                                                                    <\/p>\r\n                                                <a class=\"btn-link btn-link_primary blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/contactless-measurement\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5157 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/optical-3d-sensors\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-768x384.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Applikationsstichprobenmessung des Hochgeschwindigkeitssensor f\u00fcr Produktionsumgebungen smartWLI firebolt8\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/firebold8_application_sample-2048x1024.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-22T16:37:20+02:00\">\r\n                                                        22\/10\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    <span class=\"blog-card__cat\">\r\n                                                    \t\t\t\t\t                            <\/span>\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/optical-3d-sensors\/\" class=\"blog-card__title\">Optical 3D Sensors: Advantages and Applications<\/a>\r\n                                                <\/header>\r\n\r\n                                                <p class=\"blog-card__content\">\r\n                                                                                                    <\/p>\r\n                                                <a class=\"btn-link btn-link_primary blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/optical-3d-sensors\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5159 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/measurement-system-analysis\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/polished_steel_surface-768x384.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Application example polished steel surface\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/polished_steel_surface-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/polished_steel_surface-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/polished_steel_surface-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/polished_steel_surface-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/polished_steel_surface-2048x1024.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-17T16:14:41+02:00\">\r\n                                                        17\/10\/2025                                                    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width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5160 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/surface-roughness\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-768x325.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Application example smartWLI GBScanner\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-768x325.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-1024x434.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-1536x651.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ap_gpscanner-2048x868.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                              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                   <p class=\"blog-card__content\">\r\n                                                                                                    <\/p>\r\n                                                <a class=\"btn-link btn-link_primary blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/surface-roughness\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5161 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/interferometry-metrology\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-768x333.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Application example smartWI compact\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-768x333.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-300x130.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-1024x443.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-1536x665.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/compact_1-2048x887.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-13T15:25:45+02:00\">\r\n                                                        13\/10\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    <span class=\"blog-card__cat\">\r\n                                                    \t\t\t\t\t                            <\/span>\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/interferometry-metrology\/\" class=\"blog-card__title\">Interferometry: Metrology for Precise Surface Analysis<\/a>\r\n                                                <\/header>\r\n\r\n                                                <p class=\"blog-card__content\">\r\n                                                                                                    <\/p>\r\n                                                <a class=\"btn-link btn-link_primary blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/interferometry-metrology\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5162 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/tactile-measurement\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"160\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard-768x192.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard-768x192.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard-300x75.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/HalleStandard.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-10T15:07:38+02:00\">\r\n                                                        10\/10\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    <span class=\"blog-card__cat\">\r\n                                                    \t\t\t\t\t                            <\/span>\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/tactile-measurement\/\" class=\"blog-card__title\">Tactile Measurement: A Detailed Overview<\/a>\r\n                                                <\/header>\r\n\r\n                                                <p class=\"blog-card__content\">\r\n                                                                                                    <\/p>\r\n                                                <a class=\"btn-link btn-link_primary blog-card__link\" href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/tactile-measurement\/\">\r\n                                                    Read more                                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.4297 6.37476L20.4997 12.4448L14.4297 18.5148\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 12.4447H20.33\" stroke=\"#049BE5\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                                        <\/article>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\r\n                                        <article class=\"blog-card post-5163 blog type-blog status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry\">\r\n                                                                                            <figure class=\"blog-card__img\">\r\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/en\/blog\/roughness-measurement\/\">\r\n                                                        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-768x384.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"Surface\u00a0Roughness\u00a0Standards Halle KNT4058-01\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/gbs-metrology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Raunormale_Halle_KNT4058-01-2048x1024.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>                                                    <\/a>\r\n                                                <\/figure>\r\n                                                                                        <div class=\"blog-card__wrap\">\r\n                                                <header>\r\n                                                    <time datetime=\"2025-10-08T16:26:53+02:00\">\r\n                                                        08\/10\/2025                                                    <\/time>\r\n                                                    <span class=\"blog-card__cat\">\r\n                                                    \t\t\t\t\t                            <\/span>\r\n    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